Simple to Complex:
Simple, Complex, এবং Compound sentence - transformation এর নিয়মগুলো বুঝার জন্যে clause এবং phrase সম্পর্কে ধারণা থাকা গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
Clause এবং phrase এর মধ্যে প্রধান পার্থক্য হচ্ছে - একটি clause এ একটি verb থাকে আর একটি phrase এ কোন verb থাকে না. phrase এ participle, gerund, infinitive, ইত্যাদি থাকলেও কোন verb থাকে না. simple sentence এ সাধারণত একটি clause এবং একটি phrase থাকে।
কিন্তু complex এবং compound sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে সাধারণত দুইটি clause থাকে অর্থ্যাৎ দুইটি verb থাকে। সেক্ষেত্রে simple sentence এ শুধুমাত্র একটি verb থাকে।
Complex - If you study well, you will pass. (Two clauses, two verbs)
Simple – By studying hard, you will pass. (One phrase, one clause, and one verb. এখানে study কে present participle বানিয়ে দেয়া হয়েছে যাতে প্রথম clause টা ভেঙ্গে একটা phrase বানানো যায়, কারণ simple sentence এ একটা clause তথা একটাই verb থাকতে পারবে।)
Complex sentences have some particular connectors which connect the two clauses. The connectors for complex sentences are: -
Before, after, till, until, when, where, which, who, whom, why, what, that, since, as, because, if, unless, as if, as though, although, even though, as soon as, so that, on condition that, and provided that.
Note: Complex to simple এবং simple to complex করার জন্যে complex sentence এর connectors গুলির functions সম্পর্কে বিস্তারিত ধারণা থাকা প্রয়োজন।
Simple sentence কে complex sentence এ পরিবর্তনের জন্যে simple sentence এর একটা clause কে ভেঙে অথবা নতুন শব্দ যোগ করে দুইটা clause তৈরি করতে হবে। সেই দুইটি clause কে যোগ করতে হবে উপরোক্ত connectors গুলো ব্যবহার করে। এর জন্যে নির্দিষ্ট নিয়মগুলোর বাইরেও অনেকভাবে simple sentence কে complex sentence এ রূপান্তর করা যায় এবং সবগুলো নিয়মেরই ব্যতিক্রম নিয়ম আছে।
নিম্নোক্ত নিয়মগুলো সব ক্ষেত্রেই ব্যবহার করা যাবে :
Rule 1:
If there is an extra phrase in the simple sentence, expand that phrase to make a clause. Then choose a suitable connectors to connect the clauses.
Phrase টিকে clause এ রূপান্তর করার জন্যে একটি verb আনতে হবে এবং যদি subject না থাকে তাহলে একটা subject ও আনতে হবে।
Example:
Simple: Seeing the teacher, the student stopped making noise.
এই sentence টিতে phrase হচ্ছে ‘Seeing the teacher’। এই phrase এ seeing কে সহজেই verb বানানো যায়। আর যেহেতু এই sentence এর subject একটাই সেহেতু আমরা একই subject ব্যবহার করবো।
So, the two clauses we can get from this sentence are:
*The students saw the teacher ---- *The students stopped making noise.
Transformation এ tense পরিবর্তিত হয় না। তাই আমরা seeing কে saw বানিয়েছি। দুটি clause এ subject যেহেতু একই, তাই একটিতে pronoun ব্যবহার করতে হবে। তারপর উপযুক্ত একটি connector বাছাই করতে হবে। এ ধরনের sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে একের অধিক connector ও থাকতে পারে এবং সব গুলোই সঠিক।
The complex sentence could be:
As the student saw the teacher, they stopped making noise.
Since the student saw the teacher, they stopped making noise.
The students stopped making noises when they saw the teacher.
যদি clause এবং phrase এর subject ভিন্ন ভিন্ন হয়, তাহলে দুই clause এর জন্যে দুই subject থাকবে।
Example:
Simple: Alex could not go to school due to his mother’s illness.
Complex: Alex could not go to school because his mother was ill.
Or, Alex could not go to school since his mother was ill.
Rule 2:
If there is no extra phrase in the simple sentence, you have to find a word which you can expand into a clause. The word can be an adjective, noun, or adverb.
Example:
Simple: He pleaded for his innocence.
Complex: He pleaded that he was innocence.
এখানে আমরা innocence শব্দটিকে সিলেক্ট করে একটি verb এনে আরেকটি clause তৈরি করেছি। innocence একটি noun, তাই এই clause টি একটি noun clause .
More Examples of noun clauses in complex sentences:
Simple: Murphy knows Mr. Rashid.
Complex: Murphy knows who Mr. Rashid is.
Simple: I prayed for your job.
Complex: I prayed so that you could get the job. (Connector – ‘so that’ requires the modal – ‘can/could’ in the following clause.)
(Note: Complex করার ক্ষেত্রে extra একটি verb আনা যাবে।)
Simple: He admitted his guilt.
Complex: He admitted that he was guilty.
For words that are adjectives, you have to make an adjective clause.
Example:
Simple: He was an outstanding actor.
Complex: He was an actor who was outstanding.
এখানে outstanding শব্দটি একটি adjective এবং এই শব্দ কে কেন্দ্র করেই একটা clause তৈরি করা হয়েছে।
More Examples of adjective clauses in complex sentences:
Simple: I lost the most beautiful pen yesterday.
Complex: I lost the pen which was most beautiful.
Simple: He was a remarkable man.
Complex: He was a man who was remarkable.
Simple: I want an extensive encyclopedia.
Complex: I want an encyclopedia which is extensive.
For words that are adverbs, you have to make an adverb clause.
Example:
Simple: He is too weak to carry this heavy bag.
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot carry that heavy bag.
Simple: He is working relentlessly to finish the work.
Complex: He is relentlessly working so that he can finish the work.
Simple: He was born in the year of liberation war.
Complex: He was born when it was the year of liberation war.
Rule 3:
কিছু কিছু phrase কে clause এ রূপান্তর করে complex sentence তৈরি করার জন্যে কিছু নির্দিষ্ট নিয়ম রয়েছে। সেগুলো হল –
Because of = clause + because/as/since + clause.
Example:
Simple: I could not do it because of my illness.
Complex: I could not do it because I was ill.
Or, I could not do it as I was ill.
Or, I could not do it since I was ill.
At the time of (indcation of time)= when + clause + clause / clause + When + clause.
Example:
Simple: At the time of my birth, my father was abroad.
Complex: When I was born, my father was abroad.
In spite of/ despite = though/although + clause + clause.
Example:
Simple: In spite of being a good student, he could not do well on the exam.
Complex: Although he is a good student, he could not do well on the exam.
Simple: Despite being sick, Robin went to school.
Complex: Though Robin was sick, he went to school.
Without + v1(ing) = if + clause + clause. / clause + unless + clause.
Example:
Simple: Without playing well, we cannot win this match.
Complex: If we do not play well, we cannot win this match.
Or, We cannot win this match unless we play well.
Simple: Without being there myself, I cannot do it.
Complex: If I am not there myself, I cannot do it.
Or, I cannot do it unless I’m there myself.
Too . . (an adjective) . . too = clause + so . .(the adjective). . that + clause.
Example:
Simple: He is too weak to continue walking.
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Simple: They are too strong to lose.
Complex: They are so strong that they cannot lose.
Note: (Connector – ‘so that’ requires the modal – ‘can/could’ in the following clause.)
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Simple to Compound:
একটি simple sentence এ একটিমাত্র independent clause থাকে এবং কোনো dependent clause থাকে না ।
A simple sentence is characterized by only one independent clause and no dependent clause.
Such as: Listening to music is my hobby.
পক্ষান্তরে একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং coordinating conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে ।
On the other hand, a compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent clauses which can be used as separate sentences and are connected with a coordinating conjunction.
Such as: Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.
Simple sentence কে compound sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো ।
The rules for transforming simple sentence to compound sentence are discussed below.
Rule 1:
যদি simple sentence এ বোঝানো হয় যে কেউ দুটো কাজ করছে, একটি আগে ও আরেকটি পরে তবে Compound sentence এ প্রথম কাজটিকে দ্বিতীয় কাজের আগে উল্লেখ করে তাদেরকে “and” conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত করতে হবে। Sentence এ দ্বিতীয় কাজের tense ব্যবহার করা হবে।
If the simple sentence is stating that a person is doing two things one after another, the compound sentence will mention the first thing before the second thing and join them with a conjunction-“and” and the tense will be same as of doing the second thing.
Example:
Simple: Coming home she had lunch.
Compound: She came home and had lunch.
Simple: Going to the office I will write the article.
Compound: I will go to the office and will write the article.
Simple: Going to the varsity she will do the class.
Compound: She will go to the varsity and will do the class.
Rule 2:
Simple sentence এ “besides being” থাকলে compound sentence এ “not only..….but also” structure ব্যবহার করা হবে।
If the simple sentence has “besides being,” the compound sentence will use “not only..….but also.”
Simple: Besides being beautiful the girl is intelligent.
Compound: The girl is not only beautiful but also intelligent.
Simple: Besides being a brilliant student she is a good singer.
Compound: She is not only a brilliant student but also a good singer.
Simple: Besides being a good writer he is an outstanding lecturer.
Compound: He is not only a good writer but also an outstanding lecturer.
Rule 3:
যদি simple sentence এ “in spite of” থাকে তবে compound sentence এ conjunction “but” দিয়ে ভিন্ন clause দুটো যুক্ত করতে হবে।
If the simple sentence has “in spite of,” the compound sentence will use the conjunction “but” joining the two different clauses.
Simple: In spite of his poverty the postman never shirks his duty.
Compound: The postman is poor, but he never shirks his duty.
Simple: In spite of his illness he sat for the exam.
Compound: He was ill, but he sat for the exam.
Rule 4:
যদি simple sentence এ বলা হয় যে একজন person কে কোনকিছু অর্জন করতে must কিছু করতে হবে তবে compound sentence এই structure follow করবে, ”person must do….or/otherwise the person will not…..”
If the simple sentence tells that a person must do something to achieve a certain thing, the compound sentence will follow this structure, ”person must do….or/otherwise the person will not…..”
Simple: You must study hard to get good marks in the exam.
Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise, you will not get good marks in the exam.
Simple: He must run fast to win the race.
Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will not win the race.
Rule 5:
যদি simple sentence এ বলা হয় যে একজন person কে must কিছু করতে হবে কোনকিছু escape/avoid করতে তবে compound sentence এই structure follow করবে ”person must do….or/otherwise person will + verb’s simple form…..” or , ”person must do…...or/otherwise person will be + verb’s past participle form
If the simple sentence dictates that a person must do something to escape/avoid a certain thing, the compound sentence will follow one of the following structures:
”person must do….or/otherwise the person will + verb’s simple form…..”
”person must do…...or/otherwise the person will be + verb’s past participle form.”
Simple: You must study hard to escape failure in the exam.
Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise you will fail the exam.
Simple: He must run fast to avoid losing in the race.
Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will lose the race.
Simple: The culprit must run away to avoid his arrest.
Compound: The culprit must run away or/otherwise, he will be arrested.
Rule 6:
যদি simple sentence এ একজন person এর কোন কাজ করার কারণ বলা হয়, তবে compound sentence এ প্রথমে কারণ উল্লেখ করে result বা ফলাফলকে conjunction “and” দিয়ে যুক্ত করা হয়।
If the simple sentence states any cause of a person’s doing something, the compound sentence will first state the cause, then join the result or outcome with a conjunction “and.”
Simple: Being guilty he ran away.
Compound: He was guilty, and he ran away.
Simple: Being so happy he started to dance.
Compound: He was very happy, and he started to dance.
Rule 7:
যদি simple sentence এ “for” থাকে এবং এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকে ও পরে কারণ থাকে তবে compound sentence এ “so”/”therefore” থাকবে এবংএর আগে কারণ ও পরে কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকবে।
If the simple sentence has “for” having the result before it and cause after it, the compound sentence will contain the conjunction “so”/”therefore” having the cause before it and the result after it.
Simple: The boss praised him for his hard work.
Compound: He worked hard, so the boss praised him.
Compound: He worked hard, and therefore, the boss praised him.
In the above sentence, the result is “the praise of the boss, ” and the cause is “his(a person’s) hard work.”
Simple: The singer is very popular among people for her sweet voice.
Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet, so she is very popular among people.
Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet therefore she is very popular among people.
Rule 8:
যদি simple sentence এ “to” থাকে এবং এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকে ও পরে কারণ থাকে তবে compound sentence এ conjunction “and” ব্যবহার হবে ও বাকি সবকিছু একই থাকবে।
If the simple sentence has “to” having the result/outcome before it and the cause/reason after it, the compound sentence will have the conjunction “and” all other things being the same.
Simple: She came here to meet me.
Compound: She came here and met me.
Simple: She studied hard to get good marks.
Compound: She studied hard and got good marks.
Rule 9:
যদি simple sentence এ “In the event of being” থাকে তবে compound sentence এই structure follow করবে, “person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise + person will not be…….”।
If the simple sentence has “In the event of being,” the compound sentence will follow this structure “person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise + person will not be…….”
Simple: In the event of being late you will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.
Compound: You must not be late or/ otherwise you will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.
Simple: In the event of being lazy you will not be allowed on the team.
Compound: You must not be lazy or/ otherwise you will not be allowed on the team.
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Complex to Simple:
A sentence characterized by one independent clause and at least one dependent clause is called a Complex sentence.
একটি Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে ।
Such as, Although I was ill, I attended the meeting.
On the other hand, a sentence characterized by only one independent clause and no dependent clause is called a Simple sentence.
পক্ষান্তরে একটি Simple sentence এ একটি মাত্র independent clause এবং কোনো dependent clause থাকে না।
Such as, In spite of my illness I attended the meeting.
The rules for transforming complex sentence to simple sentence are discussed below.
Complex sentence কে simple sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নিচে বর্ণিত হলো ।
Rule 1:
When the subject of two clauses of a complex sentence including since/as/when is same and both clauses have the main verb, the simple sentence will follow this formula: Verb+ing of 1st clause + the rest of the verb + comma + subject of 1st clause + the rest.
যখন since/as/when সহ complex sentence এর দুটি clause এর subject একই হয় এবং উভয় clause এর main verb থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই formula follow করবে: 1st clause এর Verb+ ing + verb এর বাকি অংশ + comma + 1st clause এর subject + বাকি অংশ ।
Example:
Complex: Since I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.
Simple: Being ill, I could not attend the meeting.
Complex: As I performed very well, I got the first prize.
Simple: Performing very well, I got the first prize.
Complex: When the criminal saw the police, he ran away.
Simple: Seeing the police, the criminal ran away.
Exception:
Complex: When the chicken curry arrived, we started having lunch.
Simple: On the arrival of the chicken curry, we started having lunch.
Rule 2:
When the subjects of two clauses of a complex sentence are different and have am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had, the simple sentence will follow this rule: Eliminate the since/as/when + replacing am/is/are/was/were use being or in place of has/have/had use having + 2nd clause.
যখন complex sentence এর দুটি clause এর subject ভিন্ন হয় এবং am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
since/as/when উঠিয়ে দেবে + am/is/are/was/were এর পরিবর্তে being অথবা has/have/had এর পরিবর্তে having ব্যবহার করবে + ২য় clause ।
Example:
Complex: Since the weather was very bad, we did not start the journey.
Simple: The weather being very bad, we did not start the journey.
Complex: When the show was over, we came back home.
Simple: The show being over, we came back home.
Rule 3:
When the subject of the two clauses is same, and the subordinate clause has be verb (am/ is/ are/ was/ were/ have/ has/ had), the simple sentence will follow this rule: Because of in the place of since/as + the possessive form of subject of 1st clause + being in the place of (am/is/are/was/were) or having in the place of (has/have/had) + the rest + comma + 2nd clause.
যখন দুটি clause এর subject একই হয় এবং subordinate clause এর be verb (am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had) থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
since/as এর পরিবর্তে because of+ ১ম clause এর subject এর possessive form + (am/is/are/was/were) এর পরিবর্তে being অথবা (has/have/had) এর পরিবর্তে having ব্যবহার করবে + comma+ ২য় clause ।
Example:
Complex: Since he was ill, he could not come.
Simple: Because being ill, he could not come.
Complex: He was loved by all, as he had honesty.
Simple: He was loved by all, because of his having honesty.
Rule 4:
When a complex sentence has relative pronoun, the simple sentence will follow this rule: From the beginning up to the relative pronoun will be written + the relative pronoun will be omitted+ the be verb will be omitted + the main verb + ing + the rest.
যখন complex sentence এ relative pronoun থাকে, তখন simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
প্রথম থেকে relative pronoun পর্যন্ত লিখতে হবে + relative pronoun উঠে যাবে + be verb উঠে যাবে + the main verb + ing + বাকি অংশ ।
Example:
Complex: The doctor lived in a quarter that belonged to the hospital.
Simple: The doctor lived in a quarter belonging to the hospital.
Complex: A cow that is very strong can plow this land.
Simple: A cow being very strong can plow his land.
Complex: The students who study seriously can get good marks.
Simple: The students studying seriously can get good marks.
Rule 5:
If the complex sentence has “when” which indicates estimate while transforming it into simple, when will be omitted + subject and verb after when will be omitted + little time at/in+ season (if mentioned) + (if age is mentioned) at the age of+ the rest.
যদি complex sentence এ “when” থাকে যা সময়ের পরিমাপ বোঝায় তবে একে simple করার সময়, when উঠে যাবে+ when এর পরের subject ও verb উঠে যাবে + ছোট সময় at/in + season (যদি উল্লেখ থাকে) + age থাকলে at the age of + বাকি অংশ।
Example:
Complex: When it was midnight, I was awakened by the sound of construction.
Simple: At midnight I was awakened by the sound of construction.
Complex: When it is summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.
Simple: In summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.
Complex: When he was six, he left the country.
Simple: At the age of six, he left the country.
But if the when doesn’t mean time rather it means that something is going on, then At the time of + Verb+ ing + the rest.
কিন্তু যদি when সময় না বুঝিয়ে কোন কিছু ঘটছে তা বোঝায় তবে, At the time of + Verb+ ing + বাকি অংশ, এই নিয়ম ব্যবহার হবে ।
Example:
Complex: When it was raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.
Simple: At the time of raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.
When the personal subject is used in the subordinate clause, the simple sentence will use a possessive pronoun.
যখন subordinate clause এ personal subject ব্যবহৃত হয়, তখন simple sentence, possessive pronoun ব্যবহার করে ।
Example:
Complex: When they were studying, the teacher came.
Simple: At the time of their studying, the teacher came.
Complex: When I was having tea, she came.
Simple: At the time of my having tea, she came.
Rule 6:
To transform negative conditional complex sentence having if, into a simple form, this rule is followed: Without+ Verb+ ing + 2nd clause.
Negative conditional complex sentence যাতে if থাকে, তা simple করতে এই নিয়ম ব্যবহার করা হয়: Without+ Verb+ ing + ২য় clause ।
Example:
Complex: If you do not struggle in life, you cannot achieve your goal.
Simple: Without struggling in life, you cannot achieve your goal.
Complex: If you do not study hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.
Simple: Without studying hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.
If the clause is affirmative then by is used replacing without.
যদি clause টি affirmative হয়, without এর পরিবর্তে by ব্যবহৃত হয় ।
Example:
Complex: If you work hard, you will get promotion quickly.
Simple: By working hard, you will get promotion quickly.
Rule 7:
If the complex sentence has “so that”, the simple sentence will follow this rule:
From beginning up to so will be written + from “so that “up to may/might/can/could will be eliminated + to + the rest of the sentence.
যদি complex sentence এ “so that” থাকে তবে, simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে: শুরু থেকে so পর্যন্ত লিখতে হবে + “so that “থেকে may/might/can/could পর্যন্ত উঠে যাবে + to + sentence এর বাকি অংশ ।
Example:
Complex: The student studied hard so that he could get good marks on the exam.
Simple: The student studied hard to get good marks on the exam.
Complex: The singer is trying hard so that she can get the national award.
Simple: The singer is trying hard to get the national award.
Rule 8:
If the complex sentence has “so……that” form, the simple sentence will follow this rule: too will be used in the place of so + the same thing will be placed up to that + from that up to not will be eliminated + to + the rest.
যদি complex sentence এ “so……that” form থাকে তবে, simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
so এর জায়গায় too বসবে + that এর আগে পর্যন্ত একই জিনিস বসবে + that থেকে not পর্যন্ত অংশ উঠে যাবে + to + বাকি অংশ।
Example:
Complex: He is so sick that he cannot come.
Simple: He is too weak to come.
Rule 9:
When the complex sentence has though/although, to transform it into simple form this rule will be followed: In spite of will be used in the place of though /although + subject’s possessive form + being in the place of am/is/are/was/were or having in the place of has/have/had or verb+ ing + the rest + the 2nd clause.
যখন complex sentence এ though/although থাকে, একে simple form এ নিতে এই নিয়ম follow করতে হয়:
Though/although এর স্থানে In spite of ব্যবহার হবে + subject এর possessive form + am/is/are/was/were এর স্থানে being অথবা has/have/had এর স্থানে having অথবা verb+ ing ব্যবহার হবে + বাকি অংশ + ২য় clause ।
Example:
Complex: Though she was sick, she worked very hard.
Simple: In spite of her being sick, she worked very hard.
Complex: Although he has a lot of books, he wants to buy more.
Simple: In spite of his having a lot of books, he wants to buy more.
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Complex to Compound:
A complex sentence is characterized by one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
একটি Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে।
Such as, I will wait here until you come.
On the other hand, a compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent clauses which can be used as separate sentences and are connected with coordinating conjunctions.
পক্ষান্তরে একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং coordinating conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে ।
Such as, Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.
The rules for transforming complex sentence to compound sentence are discussed below.
Complex sentence কে compound sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো ।
Rule 1:
If the complex sentence has “though”/”Although” in the beginning, the compound sentence will use the conjunction “but”/”yet” to connect the different clauses.
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “though”/”Although” থাকলে, compound sentence “but”/”yet” conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।
Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.
Compound: He is poor, but he is happy.
Complex: Although she is ill, she worked very hard.
Compound: She is ill, yet she worked very hard.
Complex: Though the class was lengthy, the class was enjoyable.
Compound: The class was lengthy, but it was enjoyable.
Rule 2:
If the complex sentence has “lest” in the middle having “should” after the person, the compound sentence will use the conjunction “or”/”otherwise” to connect the different clauses, and future tense will be used in the second clause.
Complex sentence এর মাঝে যদি “lest” থাকে এবং person এর পরে “should” থাকে তবে compound sentence এ conjunction “or”/”otherwise” ব্যবহার করে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করা হয় এবং দ্বিতীয় clause এ future tense হয় ।
Complex: Study hard lest you should fail.
Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.
Complex: Practice hard lest you should be out of the cricket team.
Compound: Practice hard otherwise you will be out of the cricket team.
Rule 3:
If the complex sentence has “As soon as” in the beginning, the compound sentence will use the conjunction “and” to join the different clauses.
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “As soon as” থাকলে, compound sentence “and” conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।
Complex: As soon as the rain stopped, we started the journey.
Compound: The rain stopped, and we started the journey.
Complex: As soon as the crowd saw the hero, they started shouting.
Compound: The crowd saw the hero and started shouting.
Rule 4:
If the complex sentence has “since”/”as”/”when” in the beginning, the compound sentence will use “and”/”so”/”hence”/”therefore” to connect the different clauses.
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “since”/”as”/”when” থাকলে, compound sentence “and”/”so”/”hence”/”therefore” দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।
Complex: Since the weather was bad, the match did not take place.
Compound: The weather was bad, and the match did not take place.
Complex: As she was ill, she did not come.
Compound: She was ill, so she did not come.
Complex: When it is evening, the sun has set to the west.
Compound: The sun has set to the west, and therefore it is evening.
Rule 5:
If the complex sentence has relative pronoun “who”, the compound sentence will use “and” in that place and object of the first clause will be the subject of the second clause.
Complex sentence এ relative pronoun “who” থাকলে, compound sentence সে স্থানে “and” ব্যবহার করে এবং প্রথম clause এর object দ্বিতীয় clause এর subject হয়ে যায় ।
Complex: I saw a girl who was singing.
Compound: I saw a girl, and she was singing.
Complex: I have a friend who is a writer.
Compound: I have a friend, and she is a writer.
Rule 6:
If the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person after it and it bears a negative meaning while transforming it to compound this structure will be followed, “Let+ object form of pronoun+ affirmative form of subordinate clause+ or/otherwise+ main clause”.
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে first or third person থাকলে এবং তা যদি negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে তবে compound করার সময় এই structure follow করা হয় “Let+ pronoun এর object form + subordinate clause এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause” ।
Complex: If I do not go there I will be unable to learn it.
Compound: let me go there or/otherwise I will be unable to learn it.
Complex: if I do not study hard I will be unable to get good marks.
Compound: Let me study hard or/otherwise I will be unable to get good marks.
Rule 7:
If the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person after it and it is in affirmative form while transforming it to compound this structure will be followed, “Let+ object form of pronoun+ “and” between two clauses+ main clause”.
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে first or third person থাকলে এবং তা যদি affirmative form এ থাকে তবে compound করার সময় এই structure follow করা হয়, “Let+ pronoun এর object form + দুই clauses এর মাঝে “and” + main clause” ।
Complex: If I go there, I will be able to learn it.
Compound: let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.
Complex: if I study hard, I will be able to get good marks.
Compound: Let me study hard, and I will be able to get good marks.
Rule 8:
When the complex sentence starts with “if” having the second person after it and expressing a negative meaning, the compound sentence will omit “If you do not” and use an affirmative form of verb+ or/otherwise + the main clause.
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second person থাকলে এবং তা যদি negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে তবে compound করার সময় “If you do not” উঠে গিয়ে verb এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause হয় ।
Complex: If you do not study hard, you will fail.
Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.
Complex: If you do not practice more, you cannot become a good singer.
Compound: Practice more, or you cannot become a good singer.
Rule 9:
When the complex sentence starts with “if” having the second person after it and it’s in affirmative form, the compound sentence will omit “If you do not” and use an affirmative form of verb+ and + main clause.
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second person থাকলে এবং তা যদি affirmative form এ থাকে তবে compound করার সময় “If you do not” উঠে গিয়ে verb এর affirmative form + and + main clause হয় ।
Complex: If you study hard, you will get good marks.
Compound: Study hard, and you will get good marks.
Complex: If you read more, your writing capability will increase.
Compound: Read more, and your writing capability will increase.
Rule 10:
If the complex sentence has “so…that” form, the compound sentence will follow this rule, “very “ in place of “so”; ”and” in place of “that” +so/hence/therefore+ main clause.
Complex sentence যদি “so…that” form এ থাকে তবে compound sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে, “so” এর স্থানে “very “; “that” এর স্থানে ”and” +so/hence/therefore + main clause ।
Complex: I am so tired that I cannot work.
Compound: I am very tired, and so/hence/therefore I cannot work.
Complex: The place is so crowded that I cannot find a place to stand.
Compound: The place is very crowded, and so/hence/therefore I cannot find a place to stand.
Rule 11:
If the complex sentence starts with “Unless” following second person(you), the compound sentence will follow this structure, “Unless and you will be omitted + ”or” between two clauses+ main clause.”
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “Unless” ও এর পরে second person (you) থাকলে , compound sentence এই structure follow করবে, “Unless ও you উঠে যাবে + দুই clause এর মাঝে ”or” + main clause ।
Complex: Unless you say prayers, you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.
Compound: Say prayers, or you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.
Complex: Unless you practice hard, you cannot become a good singer.
Compound: Practice hard, or you cannot become a good singer.
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Compound to Complex:
A compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent clauses which can be used as separate sentences and are connected with coordinating conjunctions.
একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং coordinating conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে ।
Such as, Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.
On the other hand, a complex sentence is characterized by one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
পক্ষান্তরে Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে।
Such as, I will wait here until you come.
The rules for transforming compound sentence to complex sentence are discussed below.
Compound sentence কে complex sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো ।
Rule 1:
If the compound sentence uses the conjunction “but”/”yet” to connect the different clauses, the complex sentence will use “though”/”Although” in the beginning and “but”/”yet” will be removed.
Compound sentence “but”/”yet” conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করলে, Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “though”/”Although” বসে “but”/”yet” উঠে যাবে ।
Compound: He is poor, but he is happy.
Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.
Compound: She is ill, yet she worked very hard.
Complex: Although she is ill, she worked very hard.
Compound: The class was lengthy, but it was enjoyable.
Complex: Though the class was lengthy, the class was enjoyable.
Rule 2:
If the compound sentence uses the conjunction “or”/”otherwise” to connect different clauses and future tense is used in the second clause, the complex sentence uses “lest” in the middle and “should” after the person.
যদি Compound sentence এ conjunction “or”/”otherwise” ব্যবহার করে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করা হয় এবং দ্বিতীয় clause এ future tense হয়, তবে complex sentence এর মাঝে “lest” হবে এবং person এর পরে “should” বসবে ।
Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.
Complex: Study hard lest you should fail.
Compound: Practice hard otherwise you will be out of the cricket team.
Complex: Practice hard lest you should be out of the cricket team.
Rule 3:
If the compound sentence uses the conjunction “and” to join the different clauses, the complex sentence will use “As soon as” in the beginning removing the “and” from the middle.
যদি compound sentence “and” conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে, তবে complex sentence এর শুরুতে “As soon as” বসে মাঝ থেকে “and” উঠে যাবে ।
Compound: The rain stopped, and we started the journey.
Complex: As soon as the rain stopped, we started the journey.
Compound: The crowd saw the hero and started shouting.
Complex: As soon as the crowd saw the hero, they started shouting.
Rule 4:
If the compound sentence uses “and”/ ”so” /”hence” /”therefore” to connect the different clauses, the complex sentence uses “since”/”as”/”when” in the beginning removing “and”/ ”so”/ ”hence”/ ”therefore” from the middle.
যদি compound sentence “and”/ ”so”/ ”hence”/ ”therefore” দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে, তবে complex sentence এর শুরুতে “since”/ ”as”/ ”when” বসে “and”/ ”so”/ ”hence”/ ”therefore” উঠে যাবে ।
Compound: The weather was bad, and the match did not take place.
Complex: Since the weather was bad, the match did not take place.
Compound: She was ill, so she did not come.
Complex: As she was ill, she did not come.
Compound: The sun has set to the west, and therefore it is evening.
Complex: When it is evening, the sun has set to the west.
Rule 5:
If the compound sentence uses “and” to connect two different clauses about the same person, the complex sentence will use relative pronoun “who” in place of “and” removing the pronoun after it.
যদি compound sentence এ “and” ব্যবহৃত হয় একই ব্যক্তি সম্পর্কে দুটো ভিন্ন clause যুক্ত করতে, তবে complex sentence “and” এর স্থানে relative pronoun “who” ব্যবহার করে এর পরের pronoun উঠিয়ে দেবে ।
Compound: I saw a girl, and she was singing.
Complex: I saw a girl who was singing.
Compound: I have a friend, and she is a writer.
Complex: I have a friend who is a writer.
Rule 6:
If the compound sentence follows this structure, “Let+ object form of pronoun+ affirmative form of subordinate clause+ or/otherwise+ main clause”, the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person after it and it bears a negative meaning.
যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে , “Let+ pronoun এর object form + subordinate clause এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause”, তবে complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে first or third person ব্যবহার করে negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে ।
Compound: let me go there or/otherwise I will be unable to learn it.
Complex: If I do not go there I will be unable to learn it.
Compound: Let me study hard or/otherwise I will be unable to get good marks.
Complex: if I do not study hard I will be unable to get good marks.
Rule 7:
If the compound sentence follows this structure, “Let+ object form of pronoun+ “and” between two clauses+ main clause”, the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person after it and it is in affirmative form.
Compound sentence যদি এই structure follow করে , “Let+ pronoun এর object form + দুই clauses এর মাঝে “and” + main clause”, তবে complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে first or third person ব্যবহার করে affirmative form এ থাকে ।
Compound: Let me study hard, and I will be able to get good marks.
Complex: If I study hard, I will be able to get good marks.
Compound: Let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.
Compound: Let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.
Rule 8:
If the compound sentence uses an affirmative form of verb+ or/otherwise + main clause, the complex sentence starts with “if” having the second person after it and expressing a negative meaning.
Compound sentence যদি এই structure follow করে , verb এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause, complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second person ব্যবহার করে negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে ।
Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.
Complex: If you do not study hard, you will fail.
Compound: Practice more, or you cannot become a good singer.
Complex: If you do not practice more, you cannot become a good singer.
Rule 9:
If the compound sentence uses an affirmative form of verb+ and + main clause, the complex sentence starts with “if” having second person after it and it's in affirmative form.
Compound sentence যদি এই structure follow করে , verb এর affirmative form + and + main clause, Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second person ব্যবহার করে affirmative form এ থাকে ।
Compound: Study hard, and you will get good marks.
Complex: If you study hard, you will get good marks.
Compound: Read more, and your writing capability will increase.
Complex: If you read more, your writing capability will increase.
Rule 10:
If the compound sentence has this form, “very….and so/hence/therefore+ main clause”, the If the complex sentence will use “so…that” form.
যদি compound sentence “very….and so/hence/therefore+ main clause” এই from এ থাকে, তবে complex sentence “so…that” form ব্যবহার করবে ।
Compound: I am very tired, and so/hence/therefore I cannot work.
Complex: I am so tired that I cannot work.
Compound: The place is very crowded, and so/hence/therefore I cannot find a place to stand.
Complex: The place is so crowded that I cannot find a place to stand.
Rule 11:
If the compound sentence uses ”or” between two clauses stating an advice, the complex sentence starts with “Unless” following second person(you).
যদি compound sentence দুই clause এর মাঝে ”or” ব্যবহার করে উপদেশ দেয়া বোঝায়, তবে Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “Unless” ও এর পরে second person (you) থাকে ।
Compound: Say prayers, or you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.
Complex: Unless you say prayers, you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.
Compound: Practice hard, or you cannot become a good singer.
Complex: Unless you practice hard, you cannot become a good singer.
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Simple, Complex, এবং Compound sentence - transformation এর নিয়মগুলো বুঝার জন্যে clause এবং phrase সম্পর্কে ধারণা থাকা গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
Clause এবং phrase এর মধ্যে প্রধান পার্থক্য হচ্ছে - একটি clause এ একটি verb থাকে আর একটি phrase এ কোন verb থাকে না. phrase এ participle, gerund, infinitive, ইত্যাদি থাকলেও কোন verb থাকে না. simple sentence এ সাধারণত একটি clause এবং একটি phrase থাকে।
কিন্তু complex এবং compound sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে সাধারণত দুইটি clause থাকে অর্থ্যাৎ দুইটি verb থাকে। সেক্ষেত্রে simple sentence এ শুধুমাত্র একটি verb থাকে।
Complex - If you study well, you will pass. (Two clauses, two verbs)
Simple – By studying hard, you will pass. (One phrase, one clause, and one verb. এখানে study কে present participle বানিয়ে দেয়া হয়েছে যাতে প্রথম clause টা ভেঙ্গে একটা phrase বানানো যায়, কারণ simple sentence এ একটা clause তথা একটাই verb থাকতে পারবে।)
Complex sentences have some particular connectors which connect the two clauses. The connectors for complex sentences are: -
Before, after, till, until, when, where, which, who, whom, why, what, that, since, as, because, if, unless, as if, as though, although, even though, as soon as, so that, on condition that, and provided that.
Note: Complex to simple এবং simple to complex করার জন্যে complex sentence এর connectors গুলির functions সম্পর্কে বিস্তারিত ধারণা থাকা প্রয়োজন।
Simple sentence কে complex sentence এ পরিবর্তনের জন্যে simple sentence এর একটা clause কে ভেঙে অথবা নতুন শব্দ যোগ করে দুইটা clause তৈরি করতে হবে। সেই দুইটি clause কে যোগ করতে হবে উপরোক্ত connectors গুলো ব্যবহার করে। এর জন্যে নির্দিষ্ট নিয়মগুলোর বাইরেও অনেকভাবে simple sentence কে complex sentence এ রূপান্তর করা যায় এবং সবগুলো নিয়মেরই ব্যতিক্রম নিয়ম আছে।
নিম্নোক্ত নিয়মগুলো সব ক্ষেত্রেই ব্যবহার করা যাবে :
Rule 1:
If there is an extra phrase in the simple sentence, expand that phrase to make a clause. Then choose a suitable connectors to connect the clauses.
Phrase টিকে clause এ রূপান্তর করার জন্যে একটি verb আনতে হবে এবং যদি subject না থাকে তাহলে একটা subject ও আনতে হবে।
Example:
Simple: Seeing the teacher, the student stopped making noise.
এই sentence টিতে phrase হচ্ছে ‘Seeing the teacher’। এই phrase এ seeing কে সহজেই verb বানানো যায়। আর যেহেতু এই sentence এর subject একটাই সেহেতু আমরা একই subject ব্যবহার করবো।
So, the two clauses we can get from this sentence are:
*The students saw the teacher ---- *The students stopped making noise.
Transformation এ tense পরিবর্তিত হয় না। তাই আমরা seeing কে saw বানিয়েছি। দুটি clause এ subject যেহেতু একই, তাই একটিতে pronoun ব্যবহার করতে হবে। তারপর উপযুক্ত একটি connector বাছাই করতে হবে। এ ধরনের sentence এর ক্ষেত্রে একের অধিক connector ও থাকতে পারে এবং সব গুলোই সঠিক।
The complex sentence could be:
As the student saw the teacher, they stopped making noise.
Since the student saw the teacher, they stopped making noise.
The students stopped making noises when they saw the teacher.
যদি clause এবং phrase এর subject ভিন্ন ভিন্ন হয়, তাহলে দুই clause এর জন্যে দুই subject থাকবে।
Example:
Simple: Alex could not go to school due to his mother’s illness.
Complex: Alex could not go to school because his mother was ill.
Or, Alex could not go to school since his mother was ill.
Rule 2:
If there is no extra phrase in the simple sentence, you have to find a word which you can expand into a clause. The word can be an adjective, noun, or adverb.
Example:
Simple: He pleaded for his innocence.
Complex: He pleaded that he was innocence.
এখানে আমরা innocence শব্দটিকে সিলেক্ট করে একটি verb এনে আরেকটি clause তৈরি করেছি। innocence একটি noun, তাই এই clause টি একটি noun clause .
More Examples of noun clauses in complex sentences:
Simple: Murphy knows Mr. Rashid.
Complex: Murphy knows who Mr. Rashid is.
Simple: I prayed for your job.
Complex: I prayed so that you could get the job. (Connector – ‘so that’ requires the modal – ‘can/could’ in the following clause.)
(Note: Complex করার ক্ষেত্রে extra একটি verb আনা যাবে।)
Simple: He admitted his guilt.
Complex: He admitted that he was guilty.
For words that are adjectives, you have to make an adjective clause.
Example:
Simple: He was an outstanding actor.
Complex: He was an actor who was outstanding.
এখানে outstanding শব্দটি একটি adjective এবং এই শব্দ কে কেন্দ্র করেই একটা clause তৈরি করা হয়েছে।
More Examples of adjective clauses in complex sentences:
Simple: I lost the most beautiful pen yesterday.
Complex: I lost the pen which was most beautiful.
Simple: He was a remarkable man.
Complex: He was a man who was remarkable.
Simple: I want an extensive encyclopedia.
Complex: I want an encyclopedia which is extensive.
For words that are adverbs, you have to make an adverb clause.
Example:
Simple: He is too weak to carry this heavy bag.
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot carry that heavy bag.
Simple: He is working relentlessly to finish the work.
Complex: He is relentlessly working so that he can finish the work.
Simple: He was born in the year of liberation war.
Complex: He was born when it was the year of liberation war.
Rule 3:
কিছু কিছু phrase কে clause এ রূপান্তর করে complex sentence তৈরি করার জন্যে কিছু নির্দিষ্ট নিয়ম রয়েছে। সেগুলো হল –
Because of = clause + because/as/since + clause.
Example:
Simple: I could not do it because of my illness.
Complex: I could not do it because I was ill.
Or, I could not do it as I was ill.
Or, I could not do it since I was ill.
At the time of (indcation of time)= when + clause + clause / clause + When + clause.
Example:
Simple: At the time of my birth, my father was abroad.
Complex: When I was born, my father was abroad.
In spite of/ despite = though/although + clause + clause.
Example:
Simple: In spite of being a good student, he could not do well on the exam.
Complex: Although he is a good student, he could not do well on the exam.
Simple: Despite being sick, Robin went to school.
Complex: Though Robin was sick, he went to school.
Without + v1(ing) = if + clause + clause. / clause + unless + clause.
Example:
Simple: Without playing well, we cannot win this match.
Complex: If we do not play well, we cannot win this match.
Or, We cannot win this match unless we play well.
Simple: Without being there myself, I cannot do it.
Complex: If I am not there myself, I cannot do it.
Or, I cannot do it unless I’m there myself.
Too . . (an adjective) . . too = clause + so . .(the adjective). . that + clause.
Example:
Simple: He is too weak to continue walking.
Complex: He is so weak that he cannot walk.
Simple: They are too strong to lose.
Complex: They are so strong that they cannot lose.
Note: (Connector – ‘so that’ requires the modal – ‘can/could’ in the following clause.)
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Simple to Compound:
একটি simple sentence এ একটিমাত্র independent clause থাকে এবং কোনো dependent clause থাকে না ।
A simple sentence is characterized by only one independent clause and no dependent clause.
Such as: Listening to music is my hobby.
পক্ষান্তরে একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং coordinating conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে ।
On the other hand, a compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent clauses which can be used as separate sentences and are connected with a coordinating conjunction.
Such as: Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.
Simple sentence কে compound sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো ।
The rules for transforming simple sentence to compound sentence are discussed below.
Rule 1:
যদি simple sentence এ বোঝানো হয় যে কেউ দুটো কাজ করছে, একটি আগে ও আরেকটি পরে তবে Compound sentence এ প্রথম কাজটিকে দ্বিতীয় কাজের আগে উল্লেখ করে তাদেরকে “and” conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত করতে হবে। Sentence এ দ্বিতীয় কাজের tense ব্যবহার করা হবে।
If the simple sentence is stating that a person is doing two things one after another, the compound sentence will mention the first thing before the second thing and join them with a conjunction-“and” and the tense will be same as of doing the second thing.
Example:
Simple: Coming home she had lunch.
Compound: She came home and had lunch.
Simple: Going to the office I will write the article.
Compound: I will go to the office and will write the article.
Simple: Going to the varsity she will do the class.
Compound: She will go to the varsity and will do the class.
Rule 2:
Simple sentence এ “besides being” থাকলে compound sentence এ “not only..….but also” structure ব্যবহার করা হবে।
If the simple sentence has “besides being,” the compound sentence will use “not only..….but also.”
Simple: Besides being beautiful the girl is intelligent.
Compound: The girl is not only beautiful but also intelligent.
Simple: Besides being a brilliant student she is a good singer.
Compound: She is not only a brilliant student but also a good singer.
Simple: Besides being a good writer he is an outstanding lecturer.
Compound: He is not only a good writer but also an outstanding lecturer.
Rule 3:
যদি simple sentence এ “in spite of” থাকে তবে compound sentence এ conjunction “but” দিয়ে ভিন্ন clause দুটো যুক্ত করতে হবে।
If the simple sentence has “in spite of,” the compound sentence will use the conjunction “but” joining the two different clauses.
Simple: In spite of his poverty the postman never shirks his duty.
Compound: The postman is poor, but he never shirks his duty.
Simple: In spite of his illness he sat for the exam.
Compound: He was ill, but he sat for the exam.
Rule 4:
যদি simple sentence এ বলা হয় যে একজন person কে কোনকিছু অর্জন করতে must কিছু করতে হবে তবে compound sentence এই structure follow করবে, ”person must do….or/otherwise the person will not…..”
If the simple sentence tells that a person must do something to achieve a certain thing, the compound sentence will follow this structure, ”person must do….or/otherwise the person will not…..”
Simple: You must study hard to get good marks in the exam.
Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise, you will not get good marks in the exam.
Simple: He must run fast to win the race.
Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will not win the race.
Rule 5:
যদি simple sentence এ বলা হয় যে একজন person কে must কিছু করতে হবে কোনকিছু escape/avoid করতে তবে compound sentence এই structure follow করবে ”person must do….or/otherwise person will + verb’s simple form…..” or , ”person must do…...or/otherwise person will be + verb’s past participle form
If the simple sentence dictates that a person must do something to escape/avoid a certain thing, the compound sentence will follow one of the following structures:
”person must do….or/otherwise the person will + verb’s simple form…..”
”person must do…...or/otherwise the person will be + verb’s past participle form.”
Simple: You must study hard to escape failure in the exam.
Compound: You must study hard or/otherwise you will fail the exam.
Simple: He must run fast to avoid losing in the race.
Compound: He must run fast or/otherwise, he will lose the race.
Simple: The culprit must run away to avoid his arrest.
Compound: The culprit must run away or/otherwise, he will be arrested.
Rule 6:
যদি simple sentence এ একজন person এর কোন কাজ করার কারণ বলা হয়, তবে compound sentence এ প্রথমে কারণ উল্লেখ করে result বা ফলাফলকে conjunction “and” দিয়ে যুক্ত করা হয়।
If the simple sentence states any cause of a person’s doing something, the compound sentence will first state the cause, then join the result or outcome with a conjunction “and.”
Simple: Being guilty he ran away.
Compound: He was guilty, and he ran away.
Simple: Being so happy he started to dance.
Compound: He was very happy, and he started to dance.
Rule 7:
যদি simple sentence এ “for” থাকে এবং এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকে ও পরে কারণ থাকে তবে compound sentence এ “so”/”therefore” থাকবে এবংএর আগে কারণ ও পরে কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকবে।
If the simple sentence has “for” having the result before it and cause after it, the compound sentence will contain the conjunction “so”/”therefore” having the cause before it and the result after it.
Simple: The boss praised him for his hard work.
Compound: He worked hard, so the boss praised him.
Compound: He worked hard, and therefore, the boss praised him.
In the above sentence, the result is “the praise of the boss, ” and the cause is “his(a person’s) hard work.”
Simple: The singer is very popular among people for her sweet voice.
Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet, so she is very popular among people.
Compound: The singer’s voice is sweet therefore she is very popular among people.
Rule 8:
যদি simple sentence এ “to” থাকে এবং এর আগে কোন কাজ করার ফলাফল থাকে ও পরে কারণ থাকে তবে compound sentence এ conjunction “and” ব্যবহার হবে ও বাকি সবকিছু একই থাকবে।
If the simple sentence has “to” having the result/outcome before it and the cause/reason after it, the compound sentence will have the conjunction “and” all other things being the same.
Simple: She came here to meet me.
Compound: She came here and met me.
Simple: She studied hard to get good marks.
Compound: She studied hard and got good marks.
Rule 9:
যদি simple sentence এ “In the event of being” থাকে তবে compound sentence এই structure follow করবে, “person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise + person will not be…….”।
If the simple sentence has “In the event of being,” the compound sentence will follow this structure “person must not be+ adjective + or/otherwise + person will not be…….”
Simple: In the event of being late you will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.
Compound: You must not be late or/ otherwise you will not be allowed to participate in the meeting.
Simple: In the event of being lazy you will not be allowed on the team.
Compound: You must not be lazy or/ otherwise you will not be allowed on the team.
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Complex to Simple:
A sentence characterized by one independent clause and at least one dependent clause is called a Complex sentence.
একটি Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে ।
Such as, Although I was ill, I attended the meeting.
On the other hand, a sentence characterized by only one independent clause and no dependent clause is called a Simple sentence.
পক্ষান্তরে একটি Simple sentence এ একটি মাত্র independent clause এবং কোনো dependent clause থাকে না।
Such as, In spite of my illness I attended the meeting.
The rules for transforming complex sentence to simple sentence are discussed below.
Complex sentence কে simple sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নিচে বর্ণিত হলো ।
Rule 1:
When the subject of two clauses of a complex sentence including since/as/when is same and both clauses have the main verb, the simple sentence will follow this formula: Verb+ing of 1st clause + the rest of the verb + comma + subject of 1st clause + the rest.
যখন since/as/when সহ complex sentence এর দুটি clause এর subject একই হয় এবং উভয় clause এর main verb থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই formula follow করবে: 1st clause এর Verb+ ing + verb এর বাকি অংশ + comma + 1st clause এর subject + বাকি অংশ ।
Example:
Complex: Since I was ill, I could not attend the meeting.
Simple: Being ill, I could not attend the meeting.
Complex: As I performed very well, I got the first prize.
Simple: Performing very well, I got the first prize.
Complex: When the criminal saw the police, he ran away.
Simple: Seeing the police, the criminal ran away.
Exception:
Complex: When the chicken curry arrived, we started having lunch.
Simple: On the arrival of the chicken curry, we started having lunch.
Rule 2:
When the subjects of two clauses of a complex sentence are different and have am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had, the simple sentence will follow this rule: Eliminate the since/as/when + replacing am/is/are/was/were use being or in place of has/have/had use having + 2nd clause.
যখন complex sentence এর দুটি clause এর subject ভিন্ন হয় এবং am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
since/as/when উঠিয়ে দেবে + am/is/are/was/were এর পরিবর্তে being অথবা has/have/had এর পরিবর্তে having ব্যবহার করবে + ২য় clause ।
Example:
Complex: Since the weather was very bad, we did not start the journey.
Simple: The weather being very bad, we did not start the journey.
Complex: When the show was over, we came back home.
Simple: The show being over, we came back home.
Rule 3:
When the subject of the two clauses is same, and the subordinate clause has be verb (am/ is/ are/ was/ were/ have/ has/ had), the simple sentence will follow this rule: Because of in the place of since/as + the possessive form of subject of 1st clause + being in the place of (am/is/are/was/were) or having in the place of (has/have/had) + the rest + comma + 2nd clause.
যখন দুটি clause এর subject একই হয় এবং subordinate clause এর be verb (am/is/are/was/were/has/have/had) থাকে, তবে simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
since/as এর পরিবর্তে because of+ ১ম clause এর subject এর possessive form + (am/is/are/was/were) এর পরিবর্তে being অথবা (has/have/had) এর পরিবর্তে having ব্যবহার করবে + comma+ ২য় clause ।
Example:
Complex: Since he was ill, he could not come.
Simple: Because being ill, he could not come.
Complex: He was loved by all, as he had honesty.
Simple: He was loved by all, because of his having honesty.
Rule 4:
When a complex sentence has relative pronoun, the simple sentence will follow this rule: From the beginning up to the relative pronoun will be written + the relative pronoun will be omitted+ the be verb will be omitted + the main verb + ing + the rest.
যখন complex sentence এ relative pronoun থাকে, তখন simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
প্রথম থেকে relative pronoun পর্যন্ত লিখতে হবে + relative pronoun উঠে যাবে + be verb উঠে যাবে + the main verb + ing + বাকি অংশ ।
Example:
Complex: The doctor lived in a quarter that belonged to the hospital.
Simple: The doctor lived in a quarter belonging to the hospital.
Complex: A cow that is very strong can plow this land.
Simple: A cow being very strong can plow his land.
Complex: The students who study seriously can get good marks.
Simple: The students studying seriously can get good marks.
Rule 5:
If the complex sentence has “when” which indicates estimate while transforming it into simple, when will be omitted + subject and verb after when will be omitted + little time at/in+ season (if mentioned) + (if age is mentioned) at the age of+ the rest.
যদি complex sentence এ “when” থাকে যা সময়ের পরিমাপ বোঝায় তবে একে simple করার সময়, when উঠে যাবে+ when এর পরের subject ও verb উঠে যাবে + ছোট সময় at/in + season (যদি উল্লেখ থাকে) + age থাকলে at the age of + বাকি অংশ।
Example:
Complex: When it was midnight, I was awakened by the sound of construction.
Simple: At midnight I was awakened by the sound of construction.
Complex: When it is summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.
Simple: In summer, we can eat different kinds of mango.
Complex: When he was six, he left the country.
Simple: At the age of six, he left the country.
But if the when doesn’t mean time rather it means that something is going on, then At the time of + Verb+ ing + the rest.
কিন্তু যদি when সময় না বুঝিয়ে কোন কিছু ঘটছে তা বোঝায় তবে, At the time of + Verb+ ing + বাকি অংশ, এই নিয়ম ব্যবহার হবে ।
Example:
Complex: When it was raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.
Simple: At the time of raining, we were sitting in the coffee shop.
When the personal subject is used in the subordinate clause, the simple sentence will use a possessive pronoun.
যখন subordinate clause এ personal subject ব্যবহৃত হয়, তখন simple sentence, possessive pronoun ব্যবহার করে ।
Example:
Complex: When they were studying, the teacher came.
Simple: At the time of their studying, the teacher came.
Complex: When I was having tea, she came.
Simple: At the time of my having tea, she came.
Rule 6:
To transform negative conditional complex sentence having if, into a simple form, this rule is followed: Without+ Verb+ ing + 2nd clause.
Negative conditional complex sentence যাতে if থাকে, তা simple করতে এই নিয়ম ব্যবহার করা হয়: Without+ Verb+ ing + ২য় clause ।
Example:
Complex: If you do not struggle in life, you cannot achieve your goal.
Simple: Without struggling in life, you cannot achieve your goal.
Complex: If you do not study hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.
Simple: Without studying hard, you will not get good marks in the exam.
If the clause is affirmative then by is used replacing without.
যদি clause টি affirmative হয়, without এর পরিবর্তে by ব্যবহৃত হয় ।
Example:
Complex: If you work hard, you will get promotion quickly.
Simple: By working hard, you will get promotion quickly.
Rule 7:
If the complex sentence has “so that”, the simple sentence will follow this rule:
From beginning up to so will be written + from “so that “up to may/might/can/could will be eliminated + to + the rest of the sentence.
যদি complex sentence এ “so that” থাকে তবে, simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে: শুরু থেকে so পর্যন্ত লিখতে হবে + “so that “থেকে may/might/can/could পর্যন্ত উঠে যাবে + to + sentence এর বাকি অংশ ।
Example:
Complex: The student studied hard so that he could get good marks on the exam.
Simple: The student studied hard to get good marks on the exam.
Complex: The singer is trying hard so that she can get the national award.
Simple: The singer is trying hard to get the national award.
Rule 8:
If the complex sentence has “so……that” form, the simple sentence will follow this rule: too will be used in the place of so + the same thing will be placed up to that + from that up to not will be eliminated + to + the rest.
যদি complex sentence এ “so……that” form থাকে তবে, simple sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে:
so এর জায়গায় too বসবে + that এর আগে পর্যন্ত একই জিনিস বসবে + that থেকে not পর্যন্ত অংশ উঠে যাবে + to + বাকি অংশ।
Example:
Complex: He is so sick that he cannot come.
Simple: He is too weak to come.
Rule 9:
When the complex sentence has though/although, to transform it into simple form this rule will be followed: In spite of will be used in the place of though /although + subject’s possessive form + being in the place of am/is/are/was/were or having in the place of has/have/had or verb+ ing + the rest + the 2nd clause.
যখন complex sentence এ though/although থাকে, একে simple form এ নিতে এই নিয়ম follow করতে হয়:
Though/although এর স্থানে In spite of ব্যবহার হবে + subject এর possessive form + am/is/are/was/were এর স্থানে being অথবা has/have/had এর স্থানে having অথবা verb+ ing ব্যবহার হবে + বাকি অংশ + ২য় clause ।
Example:
Complex: Though she was sick, she worked very hard.
Simple: In spite of her being sick, she worked very hard.
Complex: Although he has a lot of books, he wants to buy more.
Simple: In spite of his having a lot of books, he wants to buy more.
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Complex to Compound:
A complex sentence is characterized by one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
একটি Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে।
Such as, I will wait here until you come.
On the other hand, a compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent clauses which can be used as separate sentences and are connected with coordinating conjunctions.
পক্ষান্তরে একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং coordinating conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে ।
Such as, Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.
The rules for transforming complex sentence to compound sentence are discussed below.
Complex sentence কে compound sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো ।
Rule 1:
If the complex sentence has “though”/”Although” in the beginning, the compound sentence will use the conjunction “but”/”yet” to connect the different clauses.
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “though”/”Although” থাকলে, compound sentence “but”/”yet” conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।
Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.
Compound: He is poor, but he is happy.
Complex: Although she is ill, she worked very hard.
Compound: She is ill, yet she worked very hard.
Complex: Though the class was lengthy, the class was enjoyable.
Compound: The class was lengthy, but it was enjoyable.
Rule 2:
If the complex sentence has “lest” in the middle having “should” after the person, the compound sentence will use the conjunction “or”/”otherwise” to connect the different clauses, and future tense will be used in the second clause.
Complex sentence এর মাঝে যদি “lest” থাকে এবং person এর পরে “should” থাকে তবে compound sentence এ conjunction “or”/”otherwise” ব্যবহার করে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করা হয় এবং দ্বিতীয় clause এ future tense হয় ।
Complex: Study hard lest you should fail.
Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.
Complex: Practice hard lest you should be out of the cricket team.
Compound: Practice hard otherwise you will be out of the cricket team.
Rule 3:
If the complex sentence has “As soon as” in the beginning, the compound sentence will use the conjunction “and” to join the different clauses.
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “As soon as” থাকলে, compound sentence “and” conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।
Complex: As soon as the rain stopped, we started the journey.
Compound: The rain stopped, and we started the journey.
Complex: As soon as the crowd saw the hero, they started shouting.
Compound: The crowd saw the hero and started shouting.
Rule 4:
If the complex sentence has “since”/”as”/”when” in the beginning, the compound sentence will use “and”/”so”/”hence”/”therefore” to connect the different clauses.
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “since”/”as”/”when” থাকলে, compound sentence “and”/”so”/”hence”/”therefore” দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে ।
Complex: Since the weather was bad, the match did not take place.
Compound: The weather was bad, and the match did not take place.
Complex: As she was ill, she did not come.
Compound: She was ill, so she did not come.
Complex: When it is evening, the sun has set to the west.
Compound: The sun has set to the west, and therefore it is evening.
Rule 5:
If the complex sentence has relative pronoun “who”, the compound sentence will use “and” in that place and object of the first clause will be the subject of the second clause.
Complex sentence এ relative pronoun “who” থাকলে, compound sentence সে স্থানে “and” ব্যবহার করে এবং প্রথম clause এর object দ্বিতীয় clause এর subject হয়ে যায় ।
Complex: I saw a girl who was singing.
Compound: I saw a girl, and she was singing.
Complex: I have a friend who is a writer.
Compound: I have a friend, and she is a writer.
Rule 6:
If the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person after it and it bears a negative meaning while transforming it to compound this structure will be followed, “Let+ object form of pronoun+ affirmative form of subordinate clause+ or/otherwise+ main clause”.
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে first or third person থাকলে এবং তা যদি negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে তবে compound করার সময় এই structure follow করা হয় “Let+ pronoun এর object form + subordinate clause এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause” ।
Complex: If I do not go there I will be unable to learn it.
Compound: let me go there or/otherwise I will be unable to learn it.
Complex: if I do not study hard I will be unable to get good marks.
Compound: Let me study hard or/otherwise I will be unable to get good marks.
Rule 7:
If the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person after it and it is in affirmative form while transforming it to compound this structure will be followed, “Let+ object form of pronoun+ “and” between two clauses+ main clause”.
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে first or third person থাকলে এবং তা যদি affirmative form এ থাকে তবে compound করার সময় এই structure follow করা হয়, “Let+ pronoun এর object form + দুই clauses এর মাঝে “and” + main clause” ।
Complex: If I go there, I will be able to learn it.
Compound: let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.
Complex: if I study hard, I will be able to get good marks.
Compound: Let me study hard, and I will be able to get good marks.
Rule 8:
When the complex sentence starts with “if” having the second person after it and expressing a negative meaning, the compound sentence will omit “If you do not” and use an affirmative form of verb+ or/otherwise + the main clause.
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second person থাকলে এবং তা যদি negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে তবে compound করার সময় “If you do not” উঠে গিয়ে verb এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause হয় ।
Complex: If you do not study hard, you will fail.
Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.
Complex: If you do not practice more, you cannot become a good singer.
Compound: Practice more, or you cannot become a good singer.
Rule 9:
When the complex sentence starts with “if” having the second person after it and it’s in affirmative form, the compound sentence will omit “If you do not” and use an affirmative form of verb+ and + main clause.
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second person থাকলে এবং তা যদি affirmative form এ থাকে তবে compound করার সময় “If you do not” উঠে গিয়ে verb এর affirmative form + and + main clause হয় ।
Complex: If you study hard, you will get good marks.
Compound: Study hard, and you will get good marks.
Complex: If you read more, your writing capability will increase.
Compound: Read more, and your writing capability will increase.
Rule 10:
If the complex sentence has “so…that” form, the compound sentence will follow this rule, “very “ in place of “so”; ”and” in place of “that” +so/hence/therefore+ main clause.
Complex sentence যদি “so…that” form এ থাকে তবে compound sentence এই নিয়ম follow করবে, “so” এর স্থানে “very “; “that” এর স্থানে ”and” +so/hence/therefore + main clause ।
Complex: I am so tired that I cannot work.
Compound: I am very tired, and so/hence/therefore I cannot work.
Complex: The place is so crowded that I cannot find a place to stand.
Compound: The place is very crowded, and so/hence/therefore I cannot find a place to stand.
Rule 11:
If the complex sentence starts with “Unless” following second person(you), the compound sentence will follow this structure, “Unless and you will be omitted + ”or” between two clauses+ main clause.”
Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “Unless” ও এর পরে second person (you) থাকলে , compound sentence এই structure follow করবে, “Unless ও you উঠে যাবে + দুই clause এর মাঝে ”or” + main clause ।
Complex: Unless you say prayers, you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.
Compound: Say prayers, or you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.
Complex: Unless you practice hard, you cannot become a good singer.
Compound: Practice hard, or you cannot become a good singer.
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Compound to Complex:
A compound sentence is characterized by at least two independent clauses which can be used as separate sentences and are connected with coordinating conjunctions.
একটি compound sentence এ কমপক্ষে দুটি independent clause থাকে যারা পৃথক sentence হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে এবং coordinating conjunction দিয়ে যুক্ত থাকে ।
Such as, Listening to music and singing songs are my hobbies.
On the other hand, a complex sentence is characterized by one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
পক্ষান্তরে Complex sentence এ একটি independent clause এবং কমপক্ষে একটি dependent clause থাকে।
Such as, I will wait here until you come.
The rules for transforming compound sentence to complex sentence are discussed below.
Compound sentence কে complex sentence এ রূপান্তরিত করার নিয়ম নীচে বর্ণিত হলো ।
Rule 1:
If the compound sentence uses the conjunction “but”/”yet” to connect the different clauses, the complex sentence will use “though”/”Although” in the beginning and “but”/”yet” will be removed.
Compound sentence “but”/”yet” conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করলে, Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “though”/”Although” বসে “but”/”yet” উঠে যাবে ।
Compound: He is poor, but he is happy.
Complex: Though he is poor, he is happy.
Compound: She is ill, yet she worked very hard.
Complex: Although she is ill, she worked very hard.
Compound: The class was lengthy, but it was enjoyable.
Complex: Though the class was lengthy, the class was enjoyable.
Rule 2:
If the compound sentence uses the conjunction “or”/”otherwise” to connect different clauses and future tense is used in the second clause, the complex sentence uses “lest” in the middle and “should” after the person.
যদি Compound sentence এ conjunction “or”/”otherwise” ব্যবহার করে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করা হয় এবং দ্বিতীয় clause এ future tense হয়, তবে complex sentence এর মাঝে “lest” হবে এবং person এর পরে “should” বসবে ।
Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.
Complex: Study hard lest you should fail.
Compound: Practice hard otherwise you will be out of the cricket team.
Complex: Practice hard lest you should be out of the cricket team.
Rule 3:
If the compound sentence uses the conjunction “and” to join the different clauses, the complex sentence will use “As soon as” in the beginning removing the “and” from the middle.
যদি compound sentence “and” conjunction দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে, তবে complex sentence এর শুরুতে “As soon as” বসে মাঝ থেকে “and” উঠে যাবে ।
Compound: The rain stopped, and we started the journey.
Complex: As soon as the rain stopped, we started the journey.
Compound: The crowd saw the hero and started shouting.
Complex: As soon as the crowd saw the hero, they started shouting.
Rule 4:
If the compound sentence uses “and”/ ”so” /”hence” /”therefore” to connect the different clauses, the complex sentence uses “since”/”as”/”when” in the beginning removing “and”/ ”so”/ ”hence”/ ”therefore” from the middle.
যদি compound sentence “and”/ ”so”/ ”hence”/ ”therefore” দিয়ে পৃথক clause গুলোকে যুক্ত করে, তবে complex sentence এর শুরুতে “since”/ ”as”/ ”when” বসে “and”/ ”so”/ ”hence”/ ”therefore” উঠে যাবে ।
Compound: The weather was bad, and the match did not take place.
Complex: Since the weather was bad, the match did not take place.
Compound: She was ill, so she did not come.
Complex: As she was ill, she did not come.
Compound: The sun has set to the west, and therefore it is evening.
Complex: When it is evening, the sun has set to the west.
Rule 5:
If the compound sentence uses “and” to connect two different clauses about the same person, the complex sentence will use relative pronoun “who” in place of “and” removing the pronoun after it.
যদি compound sentence এ “and” ব্যবহৃত হয় একই ব্যক্তি সম্পর্কে দুটো ভিন্ন clause যুক্ত করতে, তবে complex sentence “and” এর স্থানে relative pronoun “who” ব্যবহার করে এর পরের pronoun উঠিয়ে দেবে ।
Compound: I saw a girl, and she was singing.
Complex: I saw a girl who was singing.
Compound: I have a friend, and she is a writer.
Complex: I have a friend who is a writer.
Rule 6:
If the compound sentence follows this structure, “Let+ object form of pronoun+ affirmative form of subordinate clause+ or/otherwise+ main clause”, the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person after it and it bears a negative meaning.
যদি compound sentence এই structure follow করে , “Let+ pronoun এর object form + subordinate clause এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause”, তবে complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে first or third person ব্যবহার করে negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে ।
Compound: let me go there or/otherwise I will be unable to learn it.
Complex: If I do not go there I will be unable to learn it.
Compound: Let me study hard or/otherwise I will be unable to get good marks.
Complex: if I do not study hard I will be unable to get good marks.
Rule 7:
If the compound sentence follows this structure, “Let+ object form of pronoun+ “and” between two clauses+ main clause”, the complex sentence starts with “if” having first or third person after it and it is in affirmative form.
Compound sentence যদি এই structure follow করে , “Let+ pronoun এর object form + দুই clauses এর মাঝে “and” + main clause”, তবে complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে first or third person ব্যবহার করে affirmative form এ থাকে ।
Compound: Let me study hard, and I will be able to get good marks.
Complex: If I study hard, I will be able to get good marks.
Compound: Let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.
Compound: Let me go there, and I will be able to learn it.
Rule 8:
If the compound sentence uses an affirmative form of verb+ or/otherwise + main clause, the complex sentence starts with “if” having the second person after it and expressing a negative meaning.
Compound sentence যদি এই structure follow করে , verb এর affirmative form + or/otherwise + main clause, complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second person ব্যবহার করে negative অর্থ প্রকাশ করে ।
Compound: Study hard, or you will fail.
Complex: If you do not study hard, you will fail.
Compound: Practice more, or you cannot become a good singer.
Complex: If you do not practice more, you cannot become a good singer.
Rule 9:
If the compound sentence uses an affirmative form of verb+ and + main clause, the complex sentence starts with “if” having second person after it and it's in affirmative form.
Compound sentence যদি এই structure follow করে , verb এর affirmative form + and + main clause, Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “if” ও এর পরে second person ব্যবহার করে affirmative form এ থাকে ।
Compound: Study hard, and you will get good marks.
Complex: If you study hard, you will get good marks.
Compound: Read more, and your writing capability will increase.
Complex: If you read more, your writing capability will increase.
Rule 10:
If the compound sentence has this form, “very….and so/hence/therefore+ main clause”, the If the complex sentence will use “so…that” form.
যদি compound sentence “very….and so/hence/therefore+ main clause” এই from এ থাকে, তবে complex sentence “so…that” form ব্যবহার করবে ।
Compound: I am very tired, and so/hence/therefore I cannot work.
Complex: I am so tired that I cannot work.
Compound: The place is very crowded, and so/hence/therefore I cannot find a place to stand.
Complex: The place is so crowded that I cannot find a place to stand.
Rule 11:
If the compound sentence uses ”or” between two clauses stating an advice, the complex sentence starts with “Unless” following second person(you).
যদি compound sentence দুই clause এর মাঝে ”or” ব্যবহার করে উপদেশ দেয়া বোঝায়, তবে Complex sentence এর শুরুতে “Unless” ও এর পরে second person (you) থাকে ।
Compound: Say prayers, or you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.
Complex: Unless you say prayers, you cannot advise anyone to say prayers.
Compound: Practice hard, or you cannot become a good singer.
Complex: Unless you practice hard, you cannot become a good singer.
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